Sarooj is one of the oldest materials consumed in Iran and countries that have a history of strong architecture; a detailed history since the beginning of the use of this mortar is not available but in many ancient constructions can be found using the Sarooj. One of the most important properties of Sarooj is the low permeability of this mortar. In this research, Sarooj mortar mix was collected in 13 written sources and it was determined after collecting 5 similar mixing designs to test, review and study. Each of the designs made once with the goat hair with 2 cm and once with 2 mm polypropylene. Ash used in this research is the wind ash from Isfahan, other mix designs with microsilica with 99 percent silica. Four cubic samples from each mix design were built in 5 centimeters district. Then four samples were made in dimensions 10 × 50 × 50 mm and four sales in dimensions 5 × 50 × 50 mm. It is observed that by reducing the thickness of the mortar, the rate of shrinkage is appreciably reduced. One cube sample with 5 centimeters dimension made with egg whites and Hydrated lime, another sample with egg whites and Hydrated lime, one cube sample made with egg whites and micronized lime. The last cubic sample made with egg yolks and micronized lime. In a summary of the findings of this 2-year study, the main reason for the use of a Sarooj for moisture was the fact that it was too late due to the lateness and fine grain content of the mortar, it was regularly peeled for several days, and Vertebral column causes the surface of the pores and surfaces to disappear and a glassy surface.

Cementitious matrices are the fragile materials that possess a low tensile strength. The ‎addition of fibers randomly distributed in these matrices improves their resistance to ‎cracking, substantially. However, the incorporation of fibers into a plain concrete ‎disrupts the granular skeleton and quickly causes problems of mixing as a result of the ‎loss of mixture workability that will be translated into a difficult concrete casting in ‎site. This study was concerned on the on hand with optimizing the fibers reinforced ‎concrete mixes in the fresh state, and on the other hand with assessing the mechanical ‎behavior of this mixture in the hardened state, in order to establish a compromise ‎between the two states. In the first part of this paper, an experimental study of an ‎optimization method of fibers reinforced concrete while taking into account of some ‎parameters related to the matrix e.g. volume of the admixture, volume of incorporated ‎fibers and the volume of water and, cement (W, C) in function of workability time are ‎presented. Finally, test specimens of mixture optimized by this method have been ‎tested in compression and tension due to bending. The results have been compared ‎with those of mixture test specimens optimized by Baron-Lesage method‏.‏

Cold in place recycling is one of the widely used rehabilitation techniques in different countries.Although many research works have been carried out on these mixes, no universally accepted mix-design method has been proposed for cold-mix recycling. In this research, two mix design methods, namely modified Marshall Method and a proposed mix design method were verified on specific cold mixes. Bulk specific gravity and air voids determination are used in Modified Marshall Method and Indirect Tensile Strength (dry and soaked), Marshall Stability and Tensile Strength Ratio (TSR) were used in the proposed mix design method. Also, two types of active fillers, namely cement and lime, have been substituted with part of the mix filler as the stabilizing agents. The results showed that there are some ambiguities in Modified Marshall method. Results also indicated that with the proposed mix design method, the optimum bitumen emulsion content was lower than the case of modified Marshall Method. However, ITS and Marshall Stability values in proposed method show enhanced properties of the mixes that were designed using the Modified Marshall method.

The fire phenomenon can cause the loss of structural materials resistance which may end to damage or even structural total collapse. Physical and chemical changes in concrete due to firing also make serious structural defects in concrete structures. Therefore, prevention of reduction of concrete resistance is attended in this research. The primary idea is based on decreasing concrete thermal conductivity to increase chemical and physical resistance. Because of low density and porosity light weight aggregate concrete has low thermal conductivity which can postpone the resistant loss due to high temperature. A set of tests performed to achieve an optimum light weight aggregate concrete mix design in room normal temperature by changing the amount of sensitive mix components and controlling compressive strength and density. In next step some effective additives were implemented to make the optimum mix design against high temperature. For this purpose, 9 different mix designs obtained from the Taguchi method were prepared. For each mix design, 9 test specimens were made. At each, ambient temperature, 400 ͦC and 800 ͦC, three samples of each design are tested. The experiments conducted in this research include testing of compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse, and weight loss and heat effect on the appearance of lightweight concrete. It was seen that the effect of temperature above 400 ͦC is more significant on concrete compressive strength and in temperatures below 400 ͦC density loss is more considerable. The results of tests indicate that reducing the water to cement ratio and using super plasticizer has a desirable effect on the physical and mechanical properties of lightweight concrete at higher temperatures. However, test results showed that the presence of silica fume up to 15 percent of weight of cement can’t improve the strength of lightweight concrete neither in ambient nor in elevated temperature. Optimum mix design lost about 49 percent of compressive strength in 800 ͦC. Also it was observed that loss of density and compressive strength due to elevated temperature are in direct relation.

This experimental study is intended to identify the mix ratios for different grades of Geopolymer Concrete by trial and error method. A new Design procedure was formulated for Geopolymer Concrete which was relevant to Indian standard (IS 10262-2009). The applicability of existing Mix Design was examined with the Geopolymer Concrete. Two kinds of systems were considered in this study using 100% replacement of cement by ASTM class F flyash and 100% replacement of sand by M-sand. It was analyzed from the test result that the Indian standard mix design itself can be used for the Geopolymer Concrete with some modification.

The procedures for measuring, mixing, transporting, and placing heavyweight concrete are similar to those used in conventional concrete construction; however, special expertise and thorough planning are necessary for the successful completion of this type of concrete. The use of heavyweight concrete in construction is a specialized field, Heavyweight concrete is used in counterweights of bascule and lift bridges, but it is generally used in radiation shielding structures to absorb gamma rays and differs from normal weight concrete by having a higher density and special compositions to improve its attenuation properties. When heavyweight shielding concrete is used to attenuate neutrons, sufficient material of light atomic weight, which produces hydrogen, should be included in the concrete mixture. Some aggregates are used because of their ability to retain water of crystallization at elevated temperatures, which ensures a source of hydrogen not necessarily available in heavyweight aggregate Cements would be suitable for conventional concrete and produce the required physical properties, are suitable for use in heavyweight concrete. Low-alkali cement should be used when alkali-reactive constituents are present in the aggregates and a moderate or low-heat cement should be used for massive members, To avoid high and rapid heat of hydration and resultant cracking, it is advisable not to use Type III cement or accelerators unless the concrete temperature is controlled by specially designed refrigeration systems. Thorough examination and evaluation of heavyweight aggregate sources are necessary to obtain material suitable for the type of shielding required. These sources are limited, and a material survey should be conducted to determine availability, chemical and physical qualities. The supplier’ s sources should be inspected to evaluate rock composition, abrasion resistance, and density since these properties may vary from one location to another within a deposit. The purchaser must realize that mineral ores are not as uniform as normal weight concrete aggregates and make appropriate allowances Limited resources and increasing use of concrete, particularly in the industrial production cause that the heavyconcrete be useful. In order to optimize production of heavyconcrete, the most basic parameters that must be changed is the mix design. Optimization of the concrete mixture design is a process of search for a mixture for which the sum of the costs of the ingredients is lowest, yet satisfying the required performance of concrete, such as workability strength and durability. For this purpose, heavy concrete mix design optimization model is firstly defined and then optimal mix design will be achieved, by using an optimization algorithm. The experimental data were utilized to carry out analysis of variance. To develop a polynomial regression model for compressive strength in terms of the five design factors ( cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, water and density ) considered in this study The numerical results shows that the amounts of coarse aggregate and cement are simultaneously reduced and amount of the fine aggregate is increased in the optimum mix design. Considering mass production concrete in nuclear power plants, this optimal mix design methods and reduce the cost of concrete can greatly reduce the cost of construction.

Considering normal concrete (NC) the type of concrete need to be vibrated after placing in the formwork, Lightweight concretes have been successfully applied in the building constructions for decades because of their low specific weight in connection with a high strength, a high capacity of thermal insulation and a high durability. The development leading to a self compacting light weight concrete (SCLWC) represents an important innovative step in the recent years. This concrete combines the favorable properties of a lightweight concrete with those of a self compacting concrete (i.e., the type of concrete need no vibration after placing in the formwork). Research work is aimed on development of (SCLWC) with the use of light weight aggregates "Light expand clay aggregate (Leca)". In this investigation, by trial and error procedure, different mix design of SCLWC were caste and tested to reach a so called standard self compacting concrete in fresh matrix phase such as, values of slump flow, L-box, V-funnel and in hardened phase, the 28 day compressive strength. Based on the results obtained, for two best so-called standard mix design of SCLWC the stress-strain diagrams are drawn and discussed. Also by three different methods, the modulus of elasticity of SCLWC are obtained and discussed here. It was found that a brittle mode of failure is governed in SCLWC.

Porous asphalt (PA) are used to drain water from the surface of the asphalt pavements. It reduces aquaplaning and subsequently decreases splash and spray. Clogging reduces the permeability of PA over the years. The double layer PA are used to mitigate this problem. Different aggregate gradations and binder types can alter the performance of double layer PA. The objective of this research is to evaluate the effects of these parameters on the performance of double layer PA. For this purpose, different samples were fabricated using various aggregate gradations based on Malaysian asphalt mixture standards. Indirect tensile strength, permeability and air voids of the samples were determined. The proposed aggregate gradation for top and bottom layers were mixed with two different asphalt binders. Cantabro and binder drainage tests were later carried out on these samples. The results were then compared with the corresponding results from the Dutch double layer PA gradations. Laboratory test results showed that aggregate gradation significantly affect the indirect tensile strength, permeability and air voids of both top and bottom layer of PA. The design binder content for the bottom layer is also lower than that for the top layer. However, the binder type did not significantly change the design binder content.